Jak cytować
Abstrakt
Objective: The study aimed to compare the physical fitness of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ST2DM) and apparently healthy non-diabetic controls (NDC).
Methods: Thirty-two ST2DMs and 32 NDCs were recruited for a comparative cross-sectional study. Flexibility, balance, power, and strength were assessed using sit-up and sit and reach (SR), one leg stand, horizontal jump (HJ), and hand grip tests, respectively. Cardiovascular endurance was assessed using Vo2max estimated with a 6-minute walk test. Also, body composition was estimated using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and percent body mass. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The alpha level was set at p < 0.05.
Results: Static balance was significantly higher in the NDCs (11.1 ± 12.6 vs 5.5 ± 5.0 sec; p = 0.047) than in the ST2DMs. Hand (34.6 ± 19.9 vs 23.6 ± 12.7 kg; p = 0.001) and leg (122.4 ± 42.8 vs 26.5 ± 43.9 cm; 0.001) strength/power were significantly higher in the NDC group compared with the ST2DM. The SR test, a measure of flexibility, was significantly higher in the NDC (SDM = 12.2 ± 19.8cm, NDC = 35.3 ± 8.8cm, p = 0.001). BMI (28.7 ± 4.3 vs 26.4 ± 41kgm-2; p = 0.048), WC (104.2 ± 8.0 vs 94.2 ± 8.7cm; p = 0.001) and WHR (1.0 ± 0.6 vs 0.9 ± 0.7; p = 0.001) were significantly higher in the ST2DM than in the NDC. There was no significant difference in the estimated VO2max between the subject group and the control group.
Conclusion: Balance, flexibility, and strength were significantly lower, while measures of adiposity are significantly higher in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with non-diabetic controls.
Bibliografia
World Health Organization, Federation ID. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia : report of a WHO/IDF consultation. World Health Organization; 2006. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43588
Edelman C. L., Mandle C. L. Health Promotion Throughout the Lifespan. 5th edition. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby, 2002.
Colberg S. R., Sigal R. J., Yardley J. E., Riddell M. C., Dunstan D. W., Dempsey P. C., Horton E. S., Castorino K., Tate D. F. Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2016; 39: 2065–2079.
Park J-H., Lee Y-E. Effects of exercise on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Koreans: the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V). Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015; 27: 3559–3564.
Yanai H., Adachi H., Masui Y., Katsuyama H., Kawaguchi A., Hakoshima M., Waragai Y., Harigae T., Hamasaki H., Sako A. Exercise therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes: a narrative review. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 2018; 10: 365–369.
Schellenberg E. S., Dryden D. M., Vandermeer B., Ha C., Korownyk C. Lifestyle interventions for patients with and at risk for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013; 159: 543–551.
Plotnikoff R. C., Taylor L. M., Wilson P. M., Courneya K. S., Sigal R. J., Birkett N., Raine K., Svenson L. W. Factors associated with physical activity in Canadian adults with diabetes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2006; 38: 1526–1534.
Reusch J. E. B., Bridenstine M., Regensteiner J. G. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and exercise impairment. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 2013; 14: 77–86.
Omana H., Madou E., Montero-Odasso M., Payne M., Viana R., Hunter S. The effect of dual-task testing on balance and gait performance in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Current Diabetes Reviews 2021; 17: e011020186496.
Qin J., Zhao K., Chen Y., Guo S., You Y., Xie J., Xu Y., Wu J., Liu Z., Huang J., Chen L. D., Tao J. The effects of exercise interventions on balance capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inquiry 2021; 58: 469580211018284.
Byrne H., Caulfield B., De Vito G. Effects of self-directed exercise programmes on individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review evaluating their effect on hba1c and other metabolic outcomes, physical characteristics, cardiorespiratory fitness and functional outcomes. Sports Medicine 2017; 47: 717–733.
Alarcón-Gómez J., Martin Rivera F., Madera J., Chulvi-Medrano I. Effect of a HIIT protocol on the lower limb muscle power, ankle dorsiflexion and dynamic balance in a sedentary type 1 diabetes mellitus population: a pilot study. PeerJ. 2020; 8: e10510.
Ozdirenç M., Biberoğlu S., Ozcan A. Evaluation of physical fitness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2003; 60: 171–176.
Ucok K., Yalcinkaya H., Acay A., Coban N. F., Aslanalp S., Akkan G., Aydin S., Celikagi C., Ahsen A. Do patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes have impaired physical fitness, and energy expenditures? Netherlands Journal of Medicine 2015; 73: 276–283.
Hunter G. R., Weinsier R. L., Darnell B. E., Zuckerman P. A., Goran M. I. Racial differences in energy expenditure and aerobic fitness in premenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000; 71: 500–506.
Ribisl P. M., Lang W., Jaramillo S. A., Jakicic J. M., Stewart K. J., Bahnson J., Bright R., Curtis J. F., Crow R. S., Soberman J. E., Look AHEAD Research Group. Exercise capacity and cardiovascular/metabolic characteristics of overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Look AHEAD clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2679–2684.
Ghouri N., Purves D., McConnachie A., Wilson J., Gill J. M. R., Sattar N. Lower cardiorespiratory fitness contributes to increased insulin resistance and fasting glycaemia in middle-aged South Asian compared with European men living in the UK. Diabetologia 2013; 56: 2238–2249.
Mendes R., Sousa N., Almeida A., Subtil P., Guedes-Marques F., Reis V. M., Themudo-Barata J. L. Exercise prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes - a synthesis of international recommendations: narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2016; 50: 1379–1381.
Gill J. M. R., Celis-Morales C. A., Ghouri N. Physical activity, ethnicity and cardio-metabolic health: does one size fit all? Atherosclerosis 2014; 232: 319–333.
Soper D. S. A-priori Sample Size Calculator for Student t-Tests - Free Statistics Calculators. 2022, available from: https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc.
Awotidebe T. O., Adedoyin R. A., Yusuf A. O., Mbada C. E., Opiyo R., Maseko F. C. Comparative functional exercise capacity of patients with type 2-diabetes and healthy controls: a case control study. Pan African Medical Journal 2014; 19: 257.
Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Sports Research. EUROFIT: handbook for the EUROFIT tests of physical fitness. 2nd ed. Strasbourg: Sports Division Strasbourg, Council of Europe Publishing and Documentation Service; 1993.
Cahalin L. P., Mathier M. A., Semigran M. J., Dec G. W., DiSalvo T. G. The six-minute walk test predicts peak oxygen uptake and survival in patients with advanced heart failure. Chest 1996; 110: 325–332.
Golding L. A., Myers C. R., Sinning W. E. Y’s way to physical fitness: the complete guide to fitness testing and instruction. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: Published for YMCA of the USA by Human Kinetics Publishers, 1989.
Wood R. Standing Long Jump Test. Topend Sports Website. 2008, available from: https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/longjump.htm.
Saint-Maurice P. F., Laurson K. R., Kaj M., Csányi T. Establishing Normative Reference Values for Standing Broad Jump Among Hungarian Youth. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2015; 86(Suppl 1): S37–44.
Kent M. sit-and-reach test. In: Food and Fitness: A Dictionary of Diet and Exercise. Oxford University Press; 2003, available from: https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198631477.001.0001/acref-9780198631477-e-1532.
Springer B. A., Marin R., Cyhan T., Roberts H., Gill N. W. Normative values for the unipedal stance test with eyes open and closed. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2007; 30: 8–15.
Wong S. L. Grip strength reference values for Canadians aged 6 to 79: Canadian Health Measures Survey, 2007 to 2013. Health Reports 2016; 27: 3–10.
Wang Y-C., Bohannon R. W., Li X., Sindhu B., Kapellusch J. Hand-Grip Strength: Normative Reference Values and Equations for Individuals 18 to 85 Years of Age Residing in the United States. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2018; 48: 685–693.
Mohammed S. J. Association between Percentage of Body Fat in Normal Body Mass Index Subjects and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iraqi Population: Case Control Study. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism 2017; 8: 10.
Biggs M. L., Mukamal K. J., Luchsinger J. A., Ix J. H., Carnethon M. R., Newman A. B., de Boer I. H., Strotmeyer E. S., Mozaffarian D., Siscovick D. S. Association between adiposity in midlife and older age and risk of diabetes in older adults. JAMA 2010; 303: 2504–2512.
Pou K. M., Massaro J. M., Hoffmann U., Vasan R. S., Maurovich-Horvat P., Larson M. G., Keaney J. F., Meigs J. B., Lipinska I., Kathiresan S., Murabito J. M., O'Donnell C. J., Benjamin E. J., Fox C. S. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes are cross-sectionally related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2007; 116: 1234–1241.
Su Y., Ma Y., Rao W., Yang G., Wang S., Fu Y., Liu Y., Zhang Y., You Y., Yu Y., Kou C. Association between body mass index and diabetes in northeastern China: based on dose-response analyses using restricted cubic spline functions. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 2016; 28: 486–497.
Fan Y., Wang R., Ding L., Meng Z., Zhang Q., Shen Y., Hu G., Liu M. Waist circumference and its changes are more strongly associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes than body mass index and changes in body weight in chinese adults. Journal of Nutrition 2020; 150: 1259–1265.
Båvenholm P. N., Kuhl J., Pigon J., Saha A. K., Ruderman N. B., Efendic S. Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: association with truncal obesity, impaired fitness, and atypical malonyl coenzyme A regulation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2003; 88: 82–87.
Tillin T., Hughes A. D., Godsland I. F., Whincup P., Forouhi N. G., Welsh P., Sattar N., McKeigue P. M., Chaturvedi N. Insulin resistance and truncal obesity as important determinants of the greater incidence of diabetes in Indian Asians and African Caribbeans compared with Europeans: the Southall And Brent REvisited (SABRE) cohort. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 383–393.
de Koning L., Merchant A. T., Pogue J., Anand S. S. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. European Heart Journal 2007; 28: 850–856.
Cao Q., Yu S., Xiong W., Li Y., Li H., Li J., Li F. Waist-hip ratio as a predictor of myocardial infarction risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97: e11639.
Cimbiz A., Cakir O. Evaluation of balance and physical fitness in diabetic neuropathic patients. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications 2005; 19: 160–164.
Hewston P., Deshpande N. Falls and Balance Impairments in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Thinking Beyond Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2016; 40: 6–9.
Tsai Y-J., Yang Y-C., Lu F-H., Lee P-Y., Lee I-T., Lin S-I. Functional Balance and Its Determinants in Older People with Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0159339.
Gurudut P., Rajan A. P. Immediate effect of passive static stretching versus resistance exercises on postprandial blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 2017; 13: 581–587.
Kim R. P., Edelman S. V., Kim D. D. Musculoskeletal Complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Clinical Diabetes 2001; 19: 132–135.
IJzerman T. H., Schaper N. C., Melai T., Meijer K., Willems P. J. B., Savelberg H. H. Lower extremity muscle strength is reduced in people with type 2 diabetes, with and without polyneuropathy, and is associated with impaired mobility and reduced quality of life. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practiceis 2012; 95: 345–351.
Andersen H., Nielsen S., Mogensen C. E., Jakobsen J. Muscle strength in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2004; 53: 1543–1548.
Almurdhi M. M., Reeves N. D., Bowling F. L., Boulton A. J. M., Jeziorska M., Malik R. A. Reduced lower-limb muscle strength and volume in patients with type 2 diabetes in relation to neuropathy, intramuscular fat, and vitamin d levels. Diabetes Care 2016; 39: 441–447.
Tayyari F. Effects of Elbow Flexion on the Hand - Grip Strength. Ergonomics International Journal 2018; 2: 000134.
Kawakami R., Sawada S. S., Lee I-M., Gando Y., Momma H., Terada S., Kinugawa C., Okamoto T., Tsukamoto K., Higuchi M., Miyachi M., Blair S. N. Long-term impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on type 2 diabetes incidence: a cohort study of Japanese men. Journal of Epidemiology 2018; 28: 266–273.
Lyerly G. W., Sui X., Lavie C. J., Church T. S., Hand G. A., Blair S. N. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of all-cause mortality among women with impaired fasting glucose or undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2009; 84: 780–786.
Awotidebe T. O., Ativie R. N., Oke K. I., Akindele M. O., Adedoyin R. A., Olaogun M. O. B., Olubayode T. E., Kolawole B. A. Relationships among exercise capacity, dynamic balance and gait characteristics of Nigerian patients with type-2 diabetes: an indication for fall prevention. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 2016; 12: 581–588.
Casanova C., Celli B. R., Barria P., Casas A., Cote C., de Torres J. P., Jardim J., Lopez M. V., Marin J. M, Montes de Oca M, Pinto-Plata V., Aguirre-Jaime A. The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries. The European Respiratory Journal 2011; 37: 150–156.
ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002; 166: 111–117.
Bohannon R. W. Six-minute walk test: a meta-analysis of data from apparently healthy elders. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation. 2007; 23: 155–160.
Loprinzi P. D., Pariser G. Cardiorespiratory fitness levels and its correlates among adults with diabetes. The Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal 2013; 24: 27–34.
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Miedzynarodowe.
Copyright (c) 2022 Array